The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, ushered in a new era in the Western world, celebrating science, individual liberty, and secularization. This presented the Jewish community with unprecedented opportunities and challenges. While some were drawn to the allure of acceptance and progress within broader society, the core of the Jewish community continued to thrive, finding new ways to strengthen its connection to Torah and tradition. This course explores the diverse responses of the Jewish community to the Enlightenment and its aftermath. Students will investigate the rise of Chassidus (late 1700s) as a spiritual revival movement and the Yeshiva/Mussar movement (1800s) with its focus on ethical development. The course confronts the horrors of the Holocaust (1930s-40s) and examines the role of the Bais Yaakov movement (est. 1917) in preserving Jewish education and continuity. The emergence of Zionism in the late 1800s and its impact on Jewish identity will be analyzed. Through this exploration, students uncover the essential characteristics of a Jewish movement and gain a deeper understanding of the historical forces that have shaped the Jewish community today.